AAMC Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems (C/P) Full-Length (FL) 2 Practice Test

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• Which type of hybridization is observed in methane (CH₄)?
• Based on the data, what effects do acid and chloride have on the enzymatic activity of laccases?
• Which components make up a nucleotide?
• How do sodium-potassium pumps maintain ion balance in cells?
• What is a hypertonic solution?
• What is the expected effect of increasing the temperature of the SCY conductor on its proton conductivity?
• What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
• Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
• How much work did an 83 year old female do while stretching the rubber band to the limit?
• What is the expected order of elution of n-pentane, 2-butanone, propanoic acid, and n-butanol in column chromatography?
• What is the ratio of the minimum sound intensities heard by a 64 year old male and a 74 year old female?
• While measuring blood pressure using a cuff, what does the lower number in a reading of 130/85 represent?
• Which bond in nitroglycerin is most likely the shortest?
• What does a negative ΔG° indicate about the spontaneous nature of the reaction forming [Cu(NH3)4]2+?
• What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
• What type of bonds do saturated fats not contain?
• What are the main types of intermolecular forces in aqueous solutions?
• Which particle is essential for forming covalent bonds?
• What principle explains why a ship floats on water?
• What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
• What type of bond forms between amino acids in a protein?
• What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
• What is the work done by a muscle to lift a 70 kg weight to a height of 2 meters?
• Which of the following energy conversions best describes a battery-powered resistive circuit when current is flowing?
• What are the characteristics that differentiate acids from bases?
• Which amino acid contributes to the CD signal in the far UV region but not the near UV region of a fully folded protein?
• What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
• How do amino acids primarily differ from one another?
• What is the structure of a phospholipid?
• What effect does increasing temperature have on reaction rates?
• What is the role of enzymes in DNA replication?
• A glass rod charged with +3.2 x 10^-9 C has how many electrons removed?
• What does the term "solubility product constant" (Ksp) reflect about a compound?
• What is the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction?
• A spontaneous reaction is characterized by which of the following?
• What is the main function of enzymes in biological systems?
• What mechanisms do transport proteins use to move molecules across cell membranes?
• How does increasing enzyme concentration affect the reaction rate?
• What is the net charge of a sT-loop at pH 7.2?
• What is a thesis statement in scientific writing?
• What are neurotransmitters and their role in the nervous system?
• What allows ammonia to act as a Lewis base in water?
• At STP, what volume of N2 is produced by the complete decomposition of 1 mole of nitroglycerin?
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
• What is the function of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis?
• What is the outcome of adding a strong acid to a solution that contains [Cu(NH3)4]2+?
• How does the pH level affect the solubility of gases in liquids?
• In the context of chemical bonding, which type of bond typically exhibits the highest strength?
• What is the primary function of pepsin in digestion?
• How does a cell maintain membrane potential?
• During the stepwise formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ from [Cu(H2O)4]2+, what ion is expected after the second step?
• What process relies heavily on the role of enzymes in biochemistry?
• What role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum play in a cell?
• What impact does TFE have on the secondary structure of proteins like poly-L-lysine?
• What is the fundamental principle behind chromatography?
• What does "cell signaling" refer to?
• What is osmotic pressure?
• What is the definition of the half-life of a radioactive material?
• What type of reaction involves using water to break down a compound?
• What law explains the solubility of gases in liquids?
• What is an effect of a catalyst on the reaction's activation energy?
• What are the main products of the citric acid cycle?
• What principle explains why ammonia is continuously removed from a reaction mixture in industrial use?
• What is the main function of lipids in biological systems?
• In which type of reaction do two molecules combine to form a single product?
• Which factor does NOT typically affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
• What is the equivalent resistance of a 60-Ω resistor connected in parallel with a 20-Ω resistor?
• Which characteristic of ammonia makes it more effective in displacing water ligands in copper complexes?
• What is glycolysis and where does it occur?
• What is the molecular weight of Compound 3 in relation to its reaction with laccase?
• What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
• Why does NH3 favor the formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ over H2O?
• Electrophoresis is primarily used for which purpose?
• What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?
• What happens to enzyme activity if the substrate concentration increases?
• How do enzymes achieve specificity?
• What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
• What do catalysts do in chemical reactions?
• What determines the boiling point of a substance?
• What is the primary source of energy for living organisms?
• Which component of the cellular structure is not found in prokaryotic cells?
• Which type of bonding is primarily responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?
• What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
• What does bioenergetics study in relation to cellular functions?
• Which of the following conditions can lead to enzyme denaturation?
• In the formula [Cu(NH3)4]2+, what does the number 4 represent?
• What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
• At pH 7.2, what charge will a lysine side chain typically carry?
• What structure controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell?
• What is an enzyme's turnover number?
• What is a homologous chromosome?
• Which amino acid is found in the greatest abundance in the active site of laccase?
• Which peptide would likely achieve the same experimental results as spHM?
• What is the significance of the active site of an enzyme?
• What is the primary difference between an endothermic and an exothermic reaction?
• What is the magnitude of ΔH° for the decomposition of 2 moles of nitroglycerin at 25°C?
• What are the structural features possessed by storage lipids?
• Which blood component is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
• How does electronegativity influence bond formation?
• What process always results from the absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules?
• What structural feature is characteristic of the plasma membrane?
• In terms of chemical equilibrium, what does Le Chatelier's principle state?
• Define isotopes in terms of atomic structure.
• What is the primary role of a solid-state catalyst in the Haber process?
• Why must a person lean forward or slide their feet under the chair to stand up?
• What type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions in the body?
• Which technique is used to separate organic compounds based on polarity in the described study?
• Which single bond present in nitroglycerin is the least polar?
• What is the primary component of the cell wall in plants?
• What does it mean for a process to be spontaneous?
• What factors can influence enzyme kinetics?
• What kind of image is formed by the lenses of the glasses worn by a 68 year old male viewing an object 2 m away?
• What is the total number of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms present in the fluorophore used in experiments?
• How do catalysts influence chemical reactions?
• What is the approximate percentage of a 10C sample left after a 75 year old male walks one lap around the gym, given its half life is 20 seconds?
• What type of molecules do transport proteins typically move across the cell membrane?
• What does entropy measure in a thermodynamic context?
• How does the concentration gradient influence diffusion?
• What are the major components of the cytoskeleton?
• How does the law of conservation of mass apply to chemical reactions?
• What is the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
• Which statement about the cooperativity of RIα/C activation and RIα protein folding is supported by the data?
• What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
• What is the principle behind chromatography?
• How is DNA structured?
• In an electrochemical reaction, which process occurs at the anode?
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?
• How does temperature generally affect enzyme activity?
• Under what condition will tryptophan produce the largest circular dichroism (CD) signal in the near UV region?
• What happens during the process of DNA replication?
• What significant contribution did Robert Hooke make to biology?
• In the context of amino acids, which contributes solely to the CD signal in the far UV region?
• Which factor primarily influences the rate of a chemical reaction according to collision theory?
• During which process is glucose primarily converted into ATP?
• What is a buffer solution?
• What is the secondary structural change of poly-L-lysine when TFE is added?
• What characterizes a chiral molecule?
• What is the primary outcome of cellular respiration in terms of energy?
• What effect does competitive inhibition have on enzyme activity?
• What is produced as a byproduct of aerobic respiration?
• Cellular respiration is primarily characterized as what type of reaction?
• What is the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?
• Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
• What role do lipids play in biological systems?
• From the data, which RIα variant is the most stable?
• Which of the following is involved in the synthesis of RNA from DNA?
• What is the main purpose of the scientific method?
• Which property of water is mainly responsible for its high specific heat?
• What is the importance of the pH scale in biological systems?
• What is the role of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions?
• Which type of bond is typically created between atoms of high differing electronegativity?
• Enzymes are classified as which type of macromolecule?
• What role do buffers play in biological systems?
• What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
• What type of lens is likely used in glasses for nearsightedness?
• What function does tRNA serve during protein synthesis?
• What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
• What process generates energy in the absence of oxygen?
• What is the molecular formula for glucose?
• What is the likely effect on a protein's structure when exposed to high concentrations of TFE?
• What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?
• Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
• What is the main role of ribosomes in the cell?
• What is a key distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells?
• What molecule is primarily produced during anaerobic respiration in humans?
• What type of bond is primarily formed between the fluorophore and the peptide in this study?
• Which of the following molecules is essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA?
• How does the structure of hemoglobin facilitate oxygen transport?
• How does temperature affect the kinetic energy of molecules in a gas?
• What causes duplex DNA with certain (A+T):(G+C) ratios to melt at higher temperatures than those with greater (A+T):(G+C) ratios?
• How does substrate concentration influence the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
• What is the principle of conservation of mass?
• What atom is the site of covalent attachment of AMC to the model tetrapeptide used in the studies?
• Which species has the highest mass percent of oxygen?
• Which of the following has the smallest second ionization energy?
• Which statement about the structure of the DNA double helix is correct?
• Which molecule is commonly referred to as the energy currency of the cell?
• Describe the interaction between antigens and antibodies.
• What functional group does PDK1 catalyze the addition of phosphate to?
• Identify the four major types of biomolecules.
• What characterizes an endergonic reaction?
• How does water's polarity contribute to its unique properties?
• In the context of ligand substitution, what does a larger equilibrium constant indicate about the reaction?
• What is the primary effect of cholesterol in membrane structure?
• What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.2 M in HCO3- and 2 M in H2CO3, given the first pKa of carbonic acid is 6.37?
• Which component exhibits an electronic excited state closer in energy to the ground state, a peptide bond or an aromatic side chain?
• What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
• Name the process that cells use to generate ATP in the presence of oxygen.
• What is osmosis?
• How do singlet and triplet states of electronic configurations differ?
• What is the main function of the plasma membrane in cells?
• What is the most likely role of Y229 in protein stability and cAMP activation?
• What do ribosomes primarily synthesize?
• Why is it important to use γ32P-ATP in kinase studies?
• Which type of cellular transport requires energy?
• What is the primary structure of a protein?
• What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
• What is Kcat for the reaction at pH 4.5 with no chloride added when Compound 3 is the substrate?
• What role do transcription factors play in gene expression?
• What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength of light?
• Which type of biomolecule are enzymes primarily classified as?
• In chemistry, what type of reaction is defined by the loss of electrons?
• What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
• What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
• What happens to the sound level when the intensity of a sound is doubled?
• If hydrochloric acid is added to the equilibrium of [Cu(NH3)4]2+, what happens to the concentration of that complex?
• How do increased kinetic energy levels in molecules affect chemical reactions?
• The generation of Compound 3 is the result of Compound 2 undergoing what process?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
• Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
• What is the average power consumed by a 64 year old woman during the ascent of 15 cm high steps, if her mass is 54 kg?
• What is the term for a reaction that releases heat?
• What effect does an enzyme have on the activation energy of a reaction?
• What defines oxidation in chemical reactions?
• What type of bond forms between water molecules?
• What type of bond is formed between Cu2+ and ammonia in [Cu(NH3)4]2+?
• If Ion C is released from a fixed position, in which direction will it likely move?
• What is the significance of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
• What is the process of osmosis?
• What is the main role of the pancreas in the digestive system?
• Which gas law relates pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas?
• What is the pH of a solution if the concentration of hydrogen ions [H⁺] is 1 x 10⁻⁷ M?
• What is the primary role of microtubules in the cell?
• What is the concentration of Ca2+ in a saturated solution of CaCO3 if its Ksp is 4.9 x 10^-9?
• Which macromolecule serves as the primary source of energy for cellular processes?
• What defines a covalent bond?
• What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?
• Name the three components of the cytoskeleton.
• What is a primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• What expression gives the amount of light energy (in J per photon) that is converted to other forms between the fluorescence excitation and emission events?
• What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
• Protein secondary structure is characterized by hydrogen bond patterns between:
• Which type of 32P labeled ATP should researchers use for phosphoryl transfer from kinases?
• What is the structure of the product formed with Compound 3 as the substrate of a laccase-catalyzed reaction?
• How does the enzyme-substrate complex lower activation energy?
• What is the primary structural component of cell membranes?
• What kind of energy change occurs in a spontaneous process?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?
• How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
• Define hydrophobic interaction.
• How do ion channels facilitate transport across cell membranes?
• In a reactor design accommodating both SCY conductor and ammonia electrode, which temperature configuration yields optimal results?
• What role does chloride play in the enzymatic activity of laccases according to experimental observations?
• What is the significance of cellulose in plants?
• What phenomenon causes static air to be drawn into a mask with lateral openings when oxygen flows?
• Which bond type is most commonly associated with the specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions?
• What is the main function of mitochondria in cells?
• What type of macromolecule is primarily responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions?
• How does increasing the concentration of reactants affect the rate of a reaction?
• Which molecule primarily acts as the energy currency in cells?
• How is the tertiary structure of proteins formed?
• What kind of reaction breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones?
• What characterizes saturated fats?
• What role does genetic material play within the cell nucleus?
• Which property of a substance is best used to estimate its relative vapor pressure?
• Compared to the concentration of proteasome, the concentration of the substrate is larger by what factor?
• Which of the following best describes the process of diffusion?
• Which of the following best describes anaerobic respiration?